烟台芦洋湾鼠尾藻种群生物量结构的季节变化

2005年2月至2006年1月对烟台芦洋湾鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)的生长情况进行了生态学调查。实验设立固定样方观测了鼠尾藻种群结构的季节变化,采用逐步回归分析法分析了生境因子对鼠尾藻生物量的影响。结果表明,(1)鼠尾藻分布在低潮线以上50～125cm的中潮带和低潮带之间;(2)生物量消长和平均藻体长度消长的季节变化趋势一致,呈双峰曲线(7月份和12月份达到峰值,9月份达到最低值);(3)生活周期可以划分为4个时期:休止期、生长期、繁殖期和衰退期,6月中旬到7月下旬为有性生殖期;(4)营养生殖贯穿全年,并呈现一定的季节变化;(5)快速生长期内(5-7月),其大小级层次明显,近似正态分布;(6)水温为影响其生长的主要因素,其次为浪冲击度和人为干扰,干露对鼠尾藻的生长影响不显著。总之,本调查区域的鼠尾藻种群呈现明显的季节变化,并与其他海区种群差异显著,生长地区的环境因素是导致差异的根本原因。     

马尾藻茶饮料的制备及其抗氧化活性研究

以草叶马尾藻(Sargassum graminifolium)和绿茶提取物为原料制备马尾藻茶饮料,考察马尾藻提取物和绿茶提取物用量对茶饮料感官品质的影响,并采用分光光度法测定马尾藻茶饮料对1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)的清除能力以及还原力.结果表明,每500 mL茶饮料中添加1.0 g马尾藻提取物,所得产品整体口感好,无明显的海腥味.在0.2～1.4 mg/mL浓度范围内,马尾藻茶饮料对DPPH·的清除能力和还原力均随马尾藻提取物浓度的增加而增大.     

大陈浅海区羊栖菜软筏式栽培技术初步研究

选用本地自然海区羊栖菜苗种,采用软筏式进行羊栖菜栽培试验,结果表明：羊栖菜生长与海区水温有很大关系,前期生长慢,后期生长快,最快是在5月,4月次之,12月最慢。从2005年9月28日起,历时7个月的养殖,至2006年5月初羊栖菜开始上市,至6月底全部收成,2×10^4 m^2养殖面积共收获羊栖菜（干菜）1.366×10^4 kg,产值20.763 2×10^4元,纯收入9.663 2×10^4元,创效益每667 m^23 221.06元。     

枸杞岛马尾藻场铜藻的生命史与形态特征

为了研究枸杞岛马尾藻场铜藻在整个生命周期内的生命史征及形态特征,首次对枸杞岛马尾藻场铜藻的周年生长与繁殖情况进行跟踪调查,并对株高、叶片、气囊和生殖托等16个相关的生物学参数的变化进行研究。实验结果表明,根据铜藻生命史内生物学结构的发生情况,可将铜藻在全年中的生长情况分为以下4个阶段:(1)幼苗期,在7—8月的幼苗期藻体仅由枝干、侧枝及叶片构成,期间植株以1.52 mm/d的速率生长;(2)成藻期,8月至翌年4月的成藻期植株分别在9、11及翌年4月出现气囊、次侧枝以及生殖托,铜藻的生物学结构得到完善,期间植株以2.01 mm/d的速率生长;(3)繁殖期,4月生殖托的出现标志着铜藻进入繁殖期,而5月卵子的集中散放标志着铜藻进入繁殖期的“顶点”,期间植株以3.80 mm/d的速率生长;(4)衰老和凋亡期,在5—6月的衰老及凋亡期植株不断老化并伴随着生物结构的解体,由于少数未成熟个体的补充而使得植株达到0.99 mm/d的生长速率。在所检测的16个生物学参数中,铜藻的株高、个体生物量和主侧枝长度等10个参数呈现明显的季节变动(P <0.005),马尾藻属中的这类暖温性物种展现出其介于热带物种和冷温性物种之间的物候学行为。个体内和个体间连续特征的稳定性分析表明,在10种铜藻形态学参数中主侧枝长度的稳定性最低(Ed=95),是最适宜用于种类鉴定工作的参数,这为马尾藻属种类的形态学研究及种类鉴定等工作中参数的选择提供依据。     

Effect of Sargassum wightii fucoidan on growth and disease resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Penaeus monodon post‐larvae

The polysaccharide – fucoidan was extracted from brown seaweed Sargassum wightii and its antibacterial activity was screened by agar well diffusion method. The maximum zone of inhibition observed was 15.66 mm in 20 mg mL^?1 concentration against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the fucoidan was 12 mg mL^?1 against V. parahaemolyticus. The fucoidan was then enriched with Artemia nauplii at four different concentrations such as 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg L^?1 for 12 h. The enriched Artemia nauplii were fed to Penaeus monodon post‐larvae for 20 days and the growth performance was assessed. The weight gain and SGR of the control group were 0.2432 g and 15.78%, respectively. But, in experimental groups fed with fucoidan enriched Artemia nauplii, the weight gain and SGR were increased and were respectively ranged from 0.2602 to 0.3161 g and from 16.11 to 17.05%. The P. monodon post‐larvae were challenged with V. parahaemolyticus for a period of 30 days showed a reduction in mortality percentage of experimental groups over the control group and it was ranged between 36.97 and 89.86%. During the challenge test, the V. parahaemolyticus load was also enumerated from the infected shrimp at every 10 day intervals. In the control group, the Vibrio load showed a linear increase in hepatopancreas and muscle tissues from 10th to 30th days of challenge test, whereas in the experimental groups, the Vibrio load established a declining trend with the advancement of challenged test.     

CO2及光强对南麂列岛铜藻生长的影响

铜藻Sargassum horneri(Turner) C. Agardh是浙江沿海常见的大型海藻之一,对海洋生态系具有重要作用。近年来由于环境恶化,南麂列岛海域的大量铜藻藻场退化消失。因此探讨其退化机制,是维持沿海生态平衡和恢复藻场的重要理论基础。本研究对比研究了不同光强(低光,LL: 40～50 μmol·m-2·s-1;高光,HL: 100～110 μmol·m-2·s-1)、不同CO2浓度(低CO2浓度,LC: 076 μg·L-1;高CO2浓度,HC: 196 μg·L-1）,对铜藻生长状况的影响,以期了解铜藻对环境胁迫的适应。结果表明: 1)高光条件下,铜藻的相对生长速率(RGR)为180%·d-1,是低光条件下(RGR=085%·d-1)的21倍;2)高CO2浓度能促进铜藻的生长,HC的RGR(289%·d-1)是LC(249%·d-1)的116倍;3)HL和HC培养的藻体,其株高和叶片数分别优于LL和LC的,但LL和LC的Chla含量高于前者。     

阳光紫外辐射对铜藻的生长及荧光参数的影响

为了探讨近年来南麂列岛铜藻场衰退、消亡的原因以及更好的进行人工育苗恢复藻场,实验结合阳光紫外强度日益增加的环境问题,开展了紫外辐射对铜藻生长和光合生理影响机制的探究。实验设置3种不同阳光辐射处理:可见光(P A R)处理(400~700 nm),可见光加紫外辐射A(PA)处理(320~700 nm)和全波长辐射(PAB)处理(280~700 nm)。铜藻经过14 d阳光辐射适应培养后,其生长表现为UV-A部分(PA处理中)对铜藻的RGR促进了6.7%,且提高了藻体的叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素和UVACs含量;UV-B部分(PAB处理中)对藻体的RGR产生了8.98%的抑制,同时抑制了铜藻色素的合成。比较3种辐射处理的快速响应曲线(RLC),PA处理下的藻体具有最高的最大电子传递速率(r ETRmax)和光能利用率(α)。当将藻体置于太阳模拟灯下照射1 h,经PA适应的藻体其D1蛋白修复速率与损伤速率的比(r/k)比P处理的高13.02%,而经PAB适应的r/k比P处理的低17.62%,证明UV-A对铜藻具有正面效应。     

Biological Properties of Fucoxanthin in Oil Recovered from Two Brown Seaweeds Using Supercritical CO2 Extraction

The bioactive materials in brown seaweeds hold great interest for developing new drugs and healthy foods. The oil content in brown seaweeds (Saccharina japonica and Sargassum horneri) was extracted by using environmentally friendly supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO₂) with ethanol as a co-solvent in a semi-batch flow extraction process and compared the results with a conventional extraction process using hexane, ethanol, and acetone mixed with methanol (1:1, v/v). The SC-CO₂ method was used at a temperature of 45 °C and pressure of 250 bar. The flow rate of CO₂ (27 g/min) was constant for the entire extraction period of 2 h. The obtained oil from the brown seaweeds was analyzed to determine their valuable compounds such as fatty acids, phenolic compounds, fucoxanthin and biological properties including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antihypertension effects. The amounts of fucoxanthin extracted from the SC-CO₂ oils of S. japonica and S. horneri were 0.41 ± 0.05 and 0.77 ± 0.07 mg/g, respectively. High antihypertensive activity was detected when using mixed acetone and methanol, whereas the phenolic content and antioxidant property were higher in the oil extracted by SC-CO₂. The acetone–methanol mix extracts exhibited better antimicrobial activities than those obtained by other means. Thus, the SC-CO₂ extraction process appears to be a good method for obtaining valuable compounds from both brown seaweeds, and showed stronger biological activity than that obtained by the conventional extraction process.     

Valorization of Sargassum muticum Biomass According to the Biorefinery Concept

The biorefinery concept integrates processes and technologies for an efficient biomass conversion using all components of a feedstock. Sargassum muticum is an invasive brown algae which could be regarded as a renewable resource susceptible of individual valorization of the constituent fractions into high added-value compounds. Microwave drying technology can be proposed before conventional ethanol extraction of algal biomass, and supercritical fluid extraction with CO₂ was useful to extract fucoxanthin and for the fractionation of crude ethanol extracts. Hydrothermal processing is proposed to fractionate the algal biomass and to solubilize the fucoidan and phlorotannin fractions. Membrane technology was proposed to concentrate these fractions and obtain salt- and arsenic-free saccharidic fractions. Based on these technologies, this study presents a multipurpose process to obtain six different products with potential applications for nutraceutical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.     

海黍子新生枝条的室内培养及有性生殖同步化

为了优化海黍子(Sargassum muticum)新生枝条生长与同步生殖的室内培养条件,以长度5 cm左右的海黍子新生枝为材料,在培养箱中采用不同的温度、光照度和营养盐配比(KNO3∶KH2PO4)等生长条件,通过跟踪测量生长情况,观察记录新生枝条形态变化、生殖器官形成及生殖特点,研究有利于新生枝条在室内生长和繁殖的优化组合条件,实现生殖托提前发育和受精作用的同步化。结果表明,培养条件对海黍子新生枝条长度特定增长率的影响:光照度>营养盐配比>温度;对质量特定增长率的影响:温度>光照度>营养盐配比。温度14℃时无法形成生殖托,温度22℃时能形成生殖托,但未形成受精卵。室内培养的海黍子5 cm新生枝条最快40 d完成繁殖过程,平均每棵藻体可以采苗近400棵。